James Chau:
Secretary Summers, thank you very much for this time and for the opportunity. If we look at the global challenges today — and there are any number of them, including labor shortages, supply chain issues, and of course, rising inflation — what do you think we as a world need to be focused on and what do you make of the world as it stands today?
Secretary Summers:
There are many places that require focus. I think, in some ways, the broadest way of framing it is traditionally that the overarching problem in a global system has been maintaining a balance of power and avoiding excessive aggression between nations. I think today our success requires, of course, maintaining that type of balance, but even more requires achieving effective cooperation between nations on issues that challenge all of humanity — issues like climate change, issues like the global pandemic threat, issues of disillusioned and angry populations that turn to terror, issues of maintaining a well-functioning global economy. And so, managing an effective global system is, I believe, the central challenge globally for our time. And of course, the two globally dominant economies — the U.S. as an established power, China as a rising power; the U.S. with the democratic system that it's had for 250 years now, and China with a one-party state that has produced economic miracles for the last 40 years; the U.S., a rich country by any measure and China, an exceedingly rapidly growing country — for all our differences, we share that common imperative.
James Chau:
What binds them together? I mean, when we look at John Kerry and Xie Zhenhua, who are the climate change envoys for the U.S. and China, they found a way, and again in Glasgow, to create new partnerships against the impact of climate change, but more broadly, to help move humanity forward. Do you think that climate change rather than trade, for example, will become the accelerator bilaterally and through these two economies, the accelerator for us as humankind?
Secretary Summers:
I'm hopeful that we will be able to have spheres in which the cooperative element is stronger, as well as spheres in which the competitive element is stronger. I think, inevitably, in the area of trade, there will be competition between American firms and Chinese firms, between America as a location for production and China as a location for production. But my hope is that this competition can be managed for the benefit of those byproducts in the United States and those byproducts in China. My hope is that competition can be managed for the benefit of workers here and workers in China.
James Chau:
May we go back to what you called “anger,” the fundamental anger of people? Now that's been made much more complex by a pandemic, which we were told even before it occurred was going to upend economies and create social chaos. Will the creation of jobs and keeping people in jobs, education and allowing people to participate in the mainstream economy be enough to unplug the anger that you speak of?
Secretary Summers:
I think it depends very much on the policies that are pursued. If we are successful in causing a larger fraction of parents to feel that their children are going to live better lives than they did, I think that can go a long way to reducing frustration. If people continue to feel, as I think they too often have in recent years, that broad forces beyond their control are shaping their opportunities, as the financial crisis in the United States did in 2008 and onward, and as various financial changes have buffeted Chinese households, I think that it will be more difficult to give people that feeling of secure confidence.
James Chau:
Many people continue to follow you as a guide for what's going to happen next in the world, including the opinion piece that you wrote a couple of weeks ago speaking about what you described as entrenched inflation, followed by recession in the United States. Many economists believe that's going to play out internationally as well. What do you think are the global risks of inflation, slowdown, and recession? And where would you see China and the United States coming in to help meet and solve that?
Secretary Summers:
I think we're moving into a period when interest rates are likely to rise. My own judgment is that the Fed is likely to find it necessary to raise interest rates by more than the markets or the Fed currently recognize — that in that context we are likely to have some real difficulties, particularly for some developing countries, I think it is hard for me to judge how China is going to deal with the twin short-run problems of substantial financial overhang in the real estate sector and the exit from lockdown with respect to COVID. So, I think that with greater strains in both the U.S. and China, it may be a difficult period for many emerging economies. Just how it will play out is very difficult for me to know. My hope would be that this could be a period when we were able to substantially fortify and augment international financial institutions. I think we're going to see substantially greater needs for intermediation of capital. And my hope would be that the United States could come over time to a more constructive attitude toward the Asian Infrastructure Bank that China originated a few years ago. And my hope would be that it would be possible to substantially grow and strengthen the World Bank.
James Chau:
If we go back to 2008, you played a huge role in helping the world navigate its way through the financial crisis. At that time also, we saw the United States and China collaborate to try and prevent what could have been a complete collapse in the global economic system. Do you think there are experiences from that time in your life that you would say can be reapplied now, today?
Secretary Summers:
I would hope that the G20 could be reenergized. Frankly, I've been disappointed in recent years that more has not come out of G20 meetings. I think there's a historic opportunity to invest in a global health infrastructure that can meet the needs of responding to the pandemic, but we're really not getting there very quickly. We're appointing one group after another, but I don't think a huge amount is happening. And so, I would like to see the G20 as a grouping given more impetus, and I think that will require substantial energy from China. I think the United States has been willing. But in recent years, China has been somewhat reluctant to lean into that G20 initiative. I would hope that over time that would change.
James Chau:
Why do you think there is less willingness, shall you say, compared to years past?
Secretary Summers:
I think some of it is a reflection of the growing tension and truculence between the United States and China, and China experiencing some of the things that the United States is saying and doing in the trade arena — for example, with respect to Taiwan — as being provocative. I think that's one portion of it. I think China may prefer to shift action to other fora besides the G20 where it feels that the configuration of who's in and who's out, who's voting, is more favorable to it. I'm not sure I'm in a position to analyze Chinese motives, and certainly I think that in repairing and strengthening any relationship, both partners have a role. It's probably more important to look forward than to look backward.
James Chau:
When you speak about the shift, perhaps in how China interacts with the world beyond its borders, there's also been activity within its borders, in its relationship with big tech companies, for example, among other players in the private sector. While you may not be able to analyze what's in the Chinese mind, what does Larry Summers think about those changes that we've seen in the past year-plus?
Secretary Summers:
I think we in the United States and China have common challenges — rising inequality, how one is going to deal with the consequences of information technology. I think all of that is immensely important. At the same time, I do think that China's actions in a number of spheres have seemed to me somewhat precipitous and somewhat arbitrary and unpredictable. And I think an important part of a stable, well-functioning system is predictability. That means respect for property rights. That means rules that are announced in advance, rather than imposed ex-post. I have been concerned about what seemed to me to be rather precipitous actions in the economic arena that have come out of China. To be fair, I' m not living in China and not seeing all that Chinese policymakers are saying, and I'm very much aware of the really remarkable record of Chinese economic progress over the last four years.
James Chau:
Secretary Summers, many people turn to you for a forecast of the future. If there are two or three economic issues that you would want the United States and China to work on to create the stability that you spoke of there, what would they be in the current context?
Secretary Summers:
I think probably the most important issues are the global public goods issues, cooperation with respect to adequate funding for containing the threat of the pandemic, adequate funding for an effort to assure we make the progress we need with respect to climate change, and for development. All of these will be the points that we emphasize.
James Chau:
Let's look at another area here, of course, which is your own self. You come from an extraordinary family, both your mother and father were economists and were economics professors. And both had a brother, your two uncles [Kenneth Arrow and Paul Samuelson] who went on to win the Nobel Prize in economics. Growing up in that house, but also more deeply growing up with those influences, how did it impact and shape your view of the world as a boy, as a teenager — a view of the world perhaps also including the United States and China?
Secretary Summers:
Frankly, in my youth, China was not something that was very salient to the United States. When I was growing up, it was during the period when we had no diplomatic relations with China. And there was essentially no contact between our nations. So, there was occasional discussion of whether China should be admitted to the UN or not, but it was really not a salient issue. In my youth, certainly, I think I came to believe in economics as a tool for analysis. And more broadly I came to believe in data and believed in empirical analysis as a way of making progress. I was brought to believe in the power of systems analysis. And I suppose that kind of relatively empirical and analytical approach to problems has stayed with me ever since.
James Chau:
Secretary Summers, many people will see you as an economist, as someone who can cast his eye to the future to tell us how we should be living. But if we follow your Twitter, where you share many of your valuable thoughts, you obviously have a deep, deep concern for human suffering and for human dignity. We live in a time, as you said, of global poverty, but more specifically, of widening and entrenched inequity. Where would you tell all of us, be it Chinese or Americans or people of the world, to go forward? How can all of us contribute, whether we happen to be sitting in high levels of leadership or not?
Secretary Summers:
Innovation, cooperation, and communication are, I think, the keys to making the kinds of contributions that we want. For much of the world, there is great scope for importing the technologies and capacities that exist in the cutting-edge parts of the world. For those who are closer to the cutting edge, the answer lies in innovation. Much of innovation is about science, quantum computing. But by no means is all of innovation based on what we traditionally think of as science. New combinations of flavors make for better foods, new strategies make for more entertaining and more successful sports teams, new styles provide increased pleasure to those who wear them, new modes of producing music or video provide joy and entertainment to millions of people. So, I think, ultimately, the greatest human gift is the ability to innovate, and for all of us to innovate in the ways we can in the hope of bringing satisfaction to others and receiving what may ultimately be the greatest compliment — being emulated. That's how I think we can all make the greatest contribution.
James Chau:
Secretary Summers, thank you very much for your time, and for using your words and your ideas to unleash our human imagination today. Once again, happy New Year and a happy Chinese New Year to you and your family.