“十二五”時期，是中國改革開放偉大歷史進程中極不平凡的五年。中國經濟發展進入“新常態”，面臨的國際國內環境異常複雜嚴峻。然而，中國逐步擺脫了國際金融危機後的巨大衝擊和影響，全面深化行政、國企、財稅、金融、價格等各領域改革，着力實施“一帶一路”、互聯網+，以及製造業2025等重大戰略，大力推進大眾創業、萬眾創新，成功推動中國經濟實現中高速增長、邁向中高端水平，人民生活得到顯著改善。 

近日中國社交網絡流行的視頻《十三五之歌》則吸引了不少眼球。

國民經濟保持中高速增長，綜合國力顯著提升。“十二五”期間，中國GDP年均實際增長率約7.8%，由高速增長轉為中高速增長，不僅明顯高於同期世界GDP3.5%的增速，也高於新興和發展中國家5%左右的增速。經濟總量穩居世界第二，對世界經濟增長的貢獻超過25%。2015年中國GDP約11萬億美元，佔世界份額近15%，比2010年提高約6個百分點。2015年人均GDP將達到8000美元，2011-2015年年均增長7.3%左右。與此同時，國家財政實力不斷增強，“十二五”期間中國財政收入年均增長率將達到12.5%左右。外匯儲備仍居世界第一，2015年末中國外匯儲備規模仍將高達約3.36萬億美元。

經濟發展的協調性明顯增強，結構調整取得積極進展。“十二五”時期，中國經濟結構轉型不斷深化，服務業發展明顯加快，三次產業結構不斷優化，服務業佔GDP比重年均提高約1個百分點。內需對中國經濟增長的拉動作用顯著增強，最終消費率由2010年的49.1%提升至2014年的51.4%，最終消費支出對GDP的貢獻由2010年的46.9%增加至2014年的51.6%，有效彌補了外需下降對國內經濟的影響。新型城鎮化建設穩步推進，至2014年城鎮化率已達到54.8%，城鄉一體化發展進程進一步加快。區域發展的協調性也不斷增強，中西部地區的區位劣勢不斷弱化。

人民生活顯著改善，社會保障事業全面推進。城鄉居民收入的快速增長是人民生活改善的重要標誌，而就業的穩定為居民增收提供了良好保障，2011-2014年中國累計實現城鎮新增就業5119萬人，遠遠超過預期目標。城鄉居民收入快速增長，2014年城鎮居民人均可支配收入達到28844元，年均實際增長率達到7.9%；2014年農村居民人均純收入達到9892元，年均實際增長10.2%。覆蓋城鄉的中國特色社會保障制度框架已經初步形成，目前中國參加養老保險的人數達到8.46億，覆蓋率超過80%，醫療保險三項制度的覆蓋率超過95%，生育、失業和工傷保險的覆蓋人數也分別超過了1億。居民健康水平不斷提高，人均期望壽命已經達到75歲。

基礎設施和基礎產業發展迅速，支撐經濟發展的作用增強。截至2014年底，中國鐵路營業里程達到11.2萬公里，其中高速鐵路運營里程達到1.6萬公里，位居世界第一。中國高鐵還駛出國門，參與多國鐵路建設，成為彰顯國力的名片。農業基礎進一步穩固，2011-2014年中國糧食產量年均增長2.7%，實現了“十一連增”，穀物、肉類、籽棉、花生、茶葉、水果等農產品產量穩居世界第一。基礎研究取得一批重大成果，科技創新能力不斷增強，2014年中國研發經費佔GDP比重達到2.09%，專利申請量和授權量大幅增加，邁過創新型國家的門檻。

對外開放水平不斷提升，新一輪高水平對外開放局面形成。“十二五”時期，中國加快構建開放型經濟體制，對外開放的深度和廣度得到進一步拓展。2011-2014年中國進出口年均增速達到9.6%，2013年中國成為世界第一的貨物貿易大國。服務貿易取得長足發展，2014年服務貿易年進出口總額已突破6000億美元。利用外資規模不斷擴張，2014年實際利用外商直接投資額達到1195.6億美元，首次躍居全球第一。“走出去”戰略不斷深入落實，對外投資快速增長，2014年全行業對外直接投資1160億美元，首次實現了雙向投資接近平衡。2011-2014年對外承包工程合同額和營業額分別增長11.6%和9.3%。

節能減排降耗取得顯著成效，經濟發展質量穩步提高。“十二五”以來，中國大力推進資源節約型和環境友好型社會建設，節能減排降耗取得了顯著成效，環境質量得到明顯改善。以2010年不變價計算，中國每萬元GDP能耗從2010年的0.90噸標準煤下降至2014年的0.78噸標準煤，四年累計下降13.4%。2014年非化石能源消費佔一次能源消費的比重達到11.4%，2015年上半年清潔能源消費佔能源消費總量的比重達到了17.1%，煤炭使用率下降到64%。大氣污染和水污染防治取得明顯成效，二氧化硫排放量年均降低2.6%。

在中國經濟社會發展取得巨大成就的同時，也應清醒地看到其中存在的一些深層次矛盾和問題。首先，經濟發展的內生動力不足，創新驅動的作用不明顯。“十二五”時期中國的企業創新能力雖獲得了長足的進步，但還未形成強勁的內生髮展動力，企業研發能力依然偏弱。其次，改革開放以來中國傳統的勞動力低成本優勢正在逐漸減弱，藉助利用外資、引進技術等途徑實現技術進步的空間縮小，資源環境的壓力不斷加大，對經濟發展將產生制約。再次，各類金融風險逐步顯性化，產能過剩問題造成企業盈利能力下降，地方政府財政收入放緩和土地出讓收入的減少可能引發地方政府債務危機，房地產市場的深度調整將可能導致銀行壞賬率上升，增大經濟運行的系統性風險。最後，各種社會矛盾複雜交織，城鄉區域發展不平衡問題依舊存在，社會保障和公共服務體系改革相對滯後，經濟、司法等領域中腐敗案件時有發生等都給未來的經濟發展累積了風險。

因此，“十三五”時期中國將持續推進經濟社會領域的全方位改革，堅持科學發展，主動適應經濟發展的“新常態”，以更強的信心和更大的勇氣攻克改革過程中的種種困難和問題，最終為實現中華民族偉大復興的“中國夢”奠定堅實的基礎。

The 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-15) has been an extraordinary period in China's historic process of reform and opening up. During the five years, amid a complicated domestic and international environment, China's economy developed onto a stage of “new normal,” featuring a slower but sustainable growth. During the period, China gradually shed the impact of the global financial crisis, and deepened reforms in government administration, State-owned enterprises, finance, taxation and pricing mechanism. China also implemented a series of far-reaching strategies, including the “One Belt and One Road” Initiative, Internet Plus and Made in China 2025, kick-started a drive of mass entrepreneurship and innovation, and promoted the upgrading of the Chinese economy and manufacturing. More importantly, people's living standard was remarkably improved.

The economy maintained medium-to-high growth. During the five years, GDP growth averaged at about 7.8%, shifting gears from high-speed growth to a high-to-medium rate. Still, this growth rate was much higher that the global average of about 3.5%, and was also faster than the 5% growth registered by other emerging and developing countries. China kept its status as the second-largest economy in the world, and contributed 25% to global economic growth. In 2015, China's GDP was about $11 trillion, about 15% of the global total, or about six percentage points higher than in 2010. Per-capita GDP in 2015 amounted to $8,000, registering an annual growth of about 7.3% from 2011 to 2015. Fiscal revenue maintained an average annual growth of about 12.5%, and foreign-exchange reserves were the biggest in the world, likely to hover around $3.36 trillion at the end of 2015.

The economic development was well-coordinated, with structure further optimized. From 2011 to 2015, the services industry outperformed the primary and secondary industries, rising by about one percentage point per year in its proportion in total GDP. Domestic consumption was playing a growing role in driving the economy. The final consumption rate rose from 49.1% in 2010 to 51.4% in 2014, and the contribution by final consumption expenditure to GDP also increased from 46.9% in 2010 to 51.6% in 2014. The rising domestic consumption effectively offset the impact on the Chinese economy by shrinking external demand. The urbanization drive was progressing smoothly, and by the end of 2014, China's urbanization rate had reached 54.8%. With well-coordinated regional development, the regional disadvantages of the central and western regions were weakening.

People's living standard was improving, and social security was strengthening. The fast rise in incomes of urban and rural residents was an important indicator of a rising living standard, and stable employment was the guarantee for rising incomes. From 2011 to 2014, a total of 51.19 million new urban jobs were created, far beyond the preset goals. Urban and rural residents' incomes increased fast. In 2014, per-capita disposable income of urban residents was 28,844 yuan, an annual real growth of 7.9%; and rural residents' per-capita income reached 9,892 yuan, marking an annual real growth of 10.2%. During the period, China has basically established a social security system covering both urban and rural residents, bringing 846 million people under the pension coverage of the social safety net or 80% of the total population. The coverage rates of other social insurances such as medical, unemployment and work-related injury also expanded. People's health was improving and the average life expectancy has reached 75.

Fast development of infrastructure facilities and basic industries was propping up the economic growth. By the end of 2014, China's railway network had reached a length of 112,000 kilometers, including 16,000 kilometers of high-speed railways, ranking first in the world. China's high-speed railway is also making inroads in the global market, and has taken part in the high-speed railway construction in several countries. The fundamental role of agriculture was further consolidated. Grain output maintained an annual increase of 2.7% from 2011 to 2014, achieving bumper harvests for 11 consecutive years, and China's production of grains, meat, cotton, peanut, tea and fruits was ranked the first in the world. With important achievements in basic researches, China's innovation capability in technology was also growing. In 2014, R&D outlays accounted for 2.094% of China's GDP, and the number of patent applications and approvals has been rising, adding strength to China's innovation capability.

The opening-up drive was elevated to a higher level. During the five years, China sped up the building of an open economy and further expanded its opening-up drive. From 2011 to 2014, the annual average growth in foreign trade was 9.6%, and in 2013, China became the biggest trader of general merchandise. Services trade also developed fast, with value reaching over $600 billion in 2014. The volume of foreign direct investment in China amounted to $119.56 billion in 2014, leaping to the pole position in the world. China's “going global” strategy was further implemented, and outbound direct investment also rose rapidly. In 2014, total ODI was $116 billion, striking a basic balance between FDI and ODI for the first time. From 2011 to 2014, the contractual value of overseas engineering projects and the business revenue grew by 11.6% and 9.3%, respectively.

Great progress was made in energy conservation and emission control. During the five years, China promoted the construction of a resource-effective and environmentally friendly society, with remarkable achievements made in energy conservation, emissions control and reduction in energy consumption, and in environmental improvement. Calculated at 2010 constant prices, China's energy consumption per 10,000 yuan GDP output dropped from 0.9 ton of standard coal in 2010 to 0.78 ton in 2014, an accumulative 13.4% in the four years. In 2014, the ratio of non-fossil fuel consumption in total primary energy consumption reached 11.4%, and in the first half of 2015, the ratio of clean-energy consumption in total energy consumption grew to 17.1%, with the ratio for coal declining to 64%. Remarkable progress was made in treating atmospheric and water pollution, and the emissions of sulfur dioxide declined by an annual 2.6% during the period.

However, we should not be carried away by these tremendous achievements made in socioeconomic development, and should remain sober-minded about some deep-seeded problems.

First, innovation is yet to play a driving force in economic development. During the 12th Five-Year Pan, innovation capability of Chinese enterprises did make big strides forward, but it has yet to become a powerful, inherent force in driving economic growth, and enterprises are still fairly weak in terms of research and development. Second, amid the deepening of reform and opening up in the past decades, China's traditional advantage in low-cost labor has been weakening, the possibility for technological advancement by the means of foreign-capital utilization or technology introduction is becoming slim, and the resources and environmental pressure are building up. These are now the bottlenecks to economic development. Third, financial risks are emerging, overcapacity is denting companies' profitability, the slowdown in local government revenue and the decline in land-sale incomes for local coffers could trigger a local government debt crisis, and the prolonged sluggish real estate market could result in a sharp rise in banks' nonperforming loans. All these factors combined will increase the systemic risks for the entire economy. Finally, various social problems are intermingled, the imbalance in regional development is still a problem, reforms in social security and public service systems are still lagging, and corruption cases in the economic and judicial fields are discovered now and then. All these risks will also cast shadows over future economic development.

During the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-20), which is still in the making, China should stick to the strategy of comprehensive reform in the social and economic sectors, actively adjust to the tune of “new normal” for economic development, have the confidence and courage to overcome all difficulties and problems, and build solid foundations for the realization of the Chinese dream.